لباز عبد الرزاق
مؤسس المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 1112
تاريخ التسجيل : 14/08/2009
العمر : 34
 |  موضوع: Hot News1 تعابير اللغة الانجليزية3as  الثلاثاء ديسمبر 29, 2009 2:17 pm | |
|  Ethics ;
ethics
is principles and moral values.it's also ethics is the set of moral
rules that the professionals in any field are expected to respect when
they deal either with each other or with the public.in business,ethics
represents the attitudes that individuals and firms should comply with
in the actions they perform and the decisions they take at every level
of their realizations.such a philosophy does not exist everywhere
because it needs the existence of important conditions to apply it.
in societies where both political and cultural conditions exist for
making everyone obey this practice,the main principles that those
engaged in the economic branches should follow involve a good number of
the qualities that have always served as the basis for
civilization.among them we find the obligation to be honest and lawful
in one's activities.
corruptioncorruption is dangerous and harmful for all
society to sum up,the moral values in use in modern societies
necessitate from businessmen and companies alike a strict observance of
the different precepts on which the efficiency and the prosperity of
the whole community depends.briberybribery is the crime of giving or
receiving something of value to influence official action.both the
person giving and receiving the bribe are guilty of bribery.
bribery is illegal for two reasons:firstly,it usually involves a public
official using his or her office for personal gain.secondly,it can
cause officials to make unfair decisions that affect citizens.
bribery is a very old crime.there is evidence of bribery dating back
more than 4,000 years.usually,a person who bribes a public official is
paying to get special treatment.this special treatment can come in many
forms.for example,a company might bribe an official to win a government
contract.bribing a public official is the most common type of
bribery.in the united states,officials convicted of bribery may be
fined,removed from office,and sent to prison for up to 20 years.
commercial bribery,the bribery of owners or employees of private
companies,is also illegal in many places,but it is less commonly
punished.no one knows how often people commit bribery,but many experts
believe that most people who bribe officials are never caught.
bribery is most common in some countries or parts of countries than in others.
many countries have made it illegal to bribe officials from other countriesدعوة تكفينا [center] 1حضارة بلاد مابين النهرين
Civilization developed slowly in different parts
of the world. People began to settle in areas with abundant natural
resources. A section of the Middle East is called the Fertile Crescent.
The Fertile Crescent is a rich food-growing area in a part of the world
where most of the land is too dry for farming. The Fertile Crescent is
a quarter-moon shaped region that extends from the eastern shore of the
Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf.
Some of the best farmland of the Fertile Crescent is on a narrow strip
of land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Greeks later
called this area Mesopotamia, which means “between the rivers.” Many
different civilizations developed in this small region. First came the
Sumerians, who were replaced in turn by the Assyrians and the
Babylonians. Today this land is known as IraqThe Nile River
2 الحضارة المصرية - نهر النيل-
The Gift of the Nile
Like a giant snake, the Nile River slithers through some of the driest
desert on earth to isolate a narrow green valley. The Nile was also
home to one of the earliest civilizations in history. Today, more than
seventy million people live along the banks of the Nile, the world’s
longest river. The Nile was also home to one of the earliest
civilizations in history.
Ancient Egypt could not have existed without the great river. Every
year, the snow in the mountains of East Africa melts, sending a torrent
of water that overflows the banks of the Nile. The river picks up bits
of soil and plant life called silt. The silt is dropped on the banks of
the Nile as the flood recedes, and creates excellent topsoil that
provides two or three crops every year. The ancient Greeks spoke with
envy when they referred to Egypt as “the Gift of the Nile.”
الحضارةالرومانية
A New Power Rises
RomanThe earliest empires had been in the east. Egypt, Mesopotamia,
China, India, and Greece were all home to at least one powerful
civilization. About 387BC, a city on the Italian peninsula began
acquiring land and building an empire. That city was Rome. For more
than one thousand years, Rome controlled the western world.
Rome grew into an empire in part because of how it treated the people
it conquered. If a city was defeated by another empire, its citizens
were forced from the land if they were lucky, and enslaved if they were
not. Initially, the Romans extended the rights of citizenship to the
people they conquered. Rome conquered many of its allies by force, but
once the new people became citizens, they often joined the Roman army.
Rome managed to unify most of the modern nation of Italy by 265BC.
Rome is an ideal place for a city. It is located along the banks of the
Tiber River. The river made it easy to travel to and from the sea. The
Tiber is very shallow near Rome. A shallow portion of a river is called
a ford. The ford made it easier for people to cross the river. Seven
hills surround Rome. The hills make it harder for invaders to approach
the city and served as lookout areas for the Romans. Rome is also close
to excellent farmland and an abundance of wood and stone. Civilizations
have grown and prospered in Rome for thousands of years, which is why
Rome is nicknamed “the Eternal City.” [/center] | |
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